Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, commonly known as Veer Savarkar, was a prominent figure in India's struggle for independence and the ideological architect of Hindutva. Born on May 28, 1883, in Bhagur, a village near Nashik in Maharashtra, Savarkar's life was marked by his fierce patriotism, intellectual prowess, and a profound influence on the Indian nationalist movement. His contributions to Indian history are complex and multifaceted, encompassing his roles as a freedom fighter, political leader, writer, and social reformer.
Early Life and Education
Savarkar was born into a Chitpavan Brahmin family. His father, Damodar Pant Savarkar, and mother, Radhabai, instilled in him a sense of pride in his heritage and a deep love for his country. From a young age, Savarkar was influenced by the stories of India's ancient glory and the sacrifices of earlier freedom fighters.
He showed early signs of leadership and a rebellious spirit, organizing a group of friends called the "Mitra Mela" in his teenage years. This group was dedicated to promoting nationalist ideas and resisting British rule. Savarkar's education began at the Shivaji High School in Nashik, where he continued to develop his nationalist ideology.
In 1905, Savarkar moved to Pune to attend Fergusson College. His stay in Pune was transformative, as he became involved in the swadeshi movement, which advocated for the boycott of British goods and the revival of Indian industries. His fiery speeches and writings made him a prominent figure among the youth.
Revolutionary Activities and Imprisonment
In 1906, Savarkar received a scholarship to study law at Gray's Inn in London, an opportunity he used to further the cause of Indian independence. In London, he founded the Free India Society, which aimed to gain international support for India's struggle for freedom. It was during this period that he wrote one of his most significant works, "The First War of Indian Independence," a comprehensive history of the 1857 uprising against British rule.
Savarkar's revolutionary activities caught the attention of the British authorities. In 1909, he was implicated in a conspiracy involving the assassination of British official A.M.T. Jackson in Nashik. He was arrested in London and extradited to India in 1910. During his transport from Marseille to Mumbai, he made a dramatic escape attempt by jumping into the sea but was recaptured.
Savarkar was sentenced to two life terms of imprisonment, totaling fifty years, and was transported to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. His years in the Cellular Jail, known as "Kala Pani," were marked by severe hardship and isolation. Despite the brutal conditions, Savarkar continued his intellectual pursuits, writing extensively on various subjects and composing poems on the walls of his cell.
Ideological Contributions and Hindutva
During his imprisonment, Savarkar's thoughts on nationalism and identity crystallized. After his release in 1924, he returned to Maharashtra and became a leading figure in the Hindu Mahasabha, an organization advocating for the rights of Hindus in India. It was during this time that he formulated the concept of Hindutva, which he outlined in his seminal work, "Hindutva: Who is a Hindu?"
Savarkar's ideology of Hindutva sought to define Indian identity in terms of cultural and historical continuity rooted in Hindu civilization. He argued that India was fundamentally a Hindu nation, and Hindus should take pride in their heritage and work towards a unified and strong nation-state. This ideology has had a lasting impact on Indian politics and continues to influence contemporary debates on nationalism and identity.
Political Career and Later Life
Savarkar's political career was marked by his efforts to promote Hindu unity and resistance to British rule. He became the president of the Hindu Mahasabha in 1937 and advocated for the militarization of Hindus to defend their rights. His stance often brought him into conflict with the Indian National Congress, which he criticized for its policies of appeasement towards Muslims and its emphasis on non-violence.
During World War II, Savarkar encouraged Hindus to join the British Indian Army, arguing that military training would be essential for the post-independence defense of India. This position was controversial and drew criticism from other nationalist leaders.
In 1948, following the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi by Nathuram Godse, a former member of the Hindu Mahasabha, Savarkar was arrested and charged with conspiracy. Although he was acquitted due to lack of evidence, the incident cast a shadow over his legacy.
Literary Contributions
Apart from his political and revolutionary activities, Savarkar was a prolific writer and poet. His works include not only his historical analysis and political treatises but also plays, poems, and essays on social reform. His writings reflect his deep engagement with issues of caste, religion, and social justice.
Savarkar was a strong advocate for the abolition of untouchability and the promotion of social equality. He emphasized the need for Hindus to overcome caste divisions and work towards a cohesive society. His literary contributions have had a lasting influence on Marathi literature and Indian intellectual thought.
Legacy and Controversy
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar passed away on February 26, 1966, but his legacy remains a subject of intense debate and discussion. To his admirers, Savarkar is a fearless patriot who dedicated his life to the cause of Indian independence and the upliftment of Hindus. His contributions to the nationalist movement and his intellectual legacy are celebrated in various parts of India.
However, his critics argue that his ideology of Hindutva has fostered communal divisions and strayed from the inclusive vision of India promoted by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru. The controversial aspects of his life, including his arrest in connection with Gandhi's assassination, continue to evoke strong reactions.
In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in Savarkar's life and work, with several political leaders and scholars reassessing his contributions and ideology. Statues, memorials, and institutions have been established in his honor, reflecting his enduring impact on Indian society.
Conclusion
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar's life is a testament to his unwavering commitment to India's freedom and his vision of a strong, unified nation. His revolutionary activities, ideological contributions, and literary works have left an indelible mark on Indian history. As India continues to grapple with questions of identity and nationalism, Savarkar's legacy serves as both an inspiration and a point of contention, highlighting the complexities of the country's journey towards self-definition and unity.